How To Repair Damage From Crystal Meth

Introduction [edit | edit source]

Methamphetamine is 1 of the powerful stimulants of the central nervous organization (CNS). It is sometimes used as a 2d-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity; even so, methamphetamine is improve known as a recreational drug. Street names include meth, speed, water ice, glass, chalk, and many others.^[1]

Nearly Methamphetamine [edit | edit source]

Methamphetamine was showtime discovered in 1893. In 1919 methamphetamine originated from amphetamine in Japan. In the 1930s, the drug was introduced to the U.s. as a bronchial inhaler and a nasal decongestant and afterward, it was used to treat obesity. Prescribing this medication is express due to its neurotoxic potential and run a risk of recreational apply as a euphoriant. Today, there are safer medications of option with the same treatment efficacy, and hence, the utilise of methamphetamines in the Us is very limited. Due to illicit trafficking and recreational employ the agent is classified as a schedule 2, controlled substance in the United states and the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.

Use of methamphetamine [edit | edit source]

Use of methamphetamine triggers:

1. Elevated mood
2. Alacrity
3. Increased concentration
4. Feeling energetic
5. Decreased ambition
6. Weight loss
7. Increased sexual libido.

The apply of methamphetamine in higher doses can induce:

1. Psychosis
2. Bleeding in the encephalon
3. Skeletal muscle breakdown
4. Seizures

Chronic use tin crusade:

1. Vehement beliefs
2. Mood swings
3. Psychosis such as - paranoia, delirium, auditory and visual hallucination, and delusions.

Chronic long-term methamphetamine use can be highly addictive, and if information technology discontinued abruptly, may lead to withdrawal symptoms that can exist persistent for months after use.^[2]

Definition [edit | edit source]

Methamphetamine is a cardinal nervous organisation stimulant similar to the drug amphetamine and is classified as a Schedule II drug due to its high potential for corruption.

Description of Methamphetamine [edit | edit source]

It affects the brain by increasing the release and blocking the reuptake of dopamine which is a common mechanism of activeness for most drugs that are abused.^[1]

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter responsible for the reward, motivation, and pleasure centers of the brain. Methamphetamine causes a rapid release of dopamine in the brain resulting in an intense euphoric or grandeur feeling which is the addictive property of the drug.^[ane]

Methamphetamine is a white, odorless, bitter tasting crystalline powder which tin can easily be dissolved in water or other liquids. It is taken orally, intra-nasally (snorting), by smoking, or intravenously.^[1][3]

Meth can be made from common household substances including:

• Pseudoephedrine - decongestant
• Iodine crystals
• Battery acid
• Red phosphorus – match boxes and route flares
• Anhydrous ammonia – fertilizer or countertop cleaner
• Toluene – an aromatic hydrocarbon. The solvent is found in certain pigment thinners, permanent markers, and some types of mucilage
• Hydrochloric acrid
• Acetone – boom polish remover or paint thinner
• Sodium hydroxide - lye
• Sulfuric acid – drain or toilet bowl cleaner^[4]

Etiology/Crusade of methamphetamine corruption [edit | edit source]

There is no ane known cause of methamphetamine abuse but information technology is thought that the following tin lead someone to endeavour whatsoever drug including meth and later on become addicted:

• Genetics (if a parent has an addiction trouble it is thought that the child will be more likely to accept an addiction problem every bit well)^[5]
• Mental illness (31.3% of people with a serious mental illness have used illicit drugs)^[6]
• History of concrete or psychological abuse^[5]
• Risk seeking personality
• Peer pressure level or curiosity
• Low self-esteem
• Anxiety
• Loneliness or Depression^[v]

Prevalence [edit | edit source]

In a response to an increase of methamphetamine abuse in South Carolina, researchers plant that compared to abusers of other drugs, methamphetamine abusers were more than probable to be females, between twenty and forty years quondam, and of non-Hispanic white ethnicity. Farther, more methamphetamine users had occupational/economic problems and problems with their primary back up group.^[7]

Some other study in California following an increase in abuse, found that amphetamine abuse was greatest in rural areas with more than young low-income whites, a greater amount of retail and booze vendors, and fewer restaurants. However, growth rates were greater in higher-income areas with larger Non-White and Hispanic populations. This shows that methamphetamine abuse can quickly go popular in a multitude of cultures and communities.^[8]

In the mid 2000's, Mexico began to limit imports of pseudoephedrine and farther restrictions were placed on the auction of over-the-counter cold medication used in the production of methamphetamine.  Further, illegal importation of lx + tons of pseudoephedrine via a "rogue" Mexican chemic company was halted in the mid 2000's, as well as a ban on all pseudoephedrine and ephedrine products in Mexico resulted in a subtract in methamphetamine purity and therefore decrease in treatment access in Texas and United mexican states.  The purity increased post-obit a procedural shift to the P2P process, that utilizes chemicals other than pseudoephedrine.^[ix]

Despite slight decrease since mid-decade peaks in treatment admission, levels of methamphetamine admissions remain high in several states at levels seen in the early 2000's, well above levels from the 1990's. For example, methamphetamine admissions accounted for six.1% of the total in 2008 compared to ane.4% in 1992 nationwide, and 27.4% in California in 2009 compared to 7.eight% in 1992.  It is articulate that education on methamphetamine abuse prevention and corruption treatment are increasing on an national level.^[9]

Characteristics/Clinical Presentation [edit | edit source]

Meth abusers tin can present with a variety of physical characteristics which can include the post-obit:

• Increased heart rate, claret force per unit area, and respiration
• Hyperthermia
• Excessive sweating
• Dry skin with multiple scabs or open wounds on the face up or arms
• Scratching or "picking" peel
• Track marks on artillery or other parts of the torso
• Rapid spoken language
• Anxiety
• Irritability
• Indisposition^[10]

More chronic meth users can also nowadays with the following:

• Anorexic advent (extreme weight loss)
• Vehement behavior
• Defoliation
• Hallucinations
• Paranoia
• Psychosis
• Seizures
• "Formication" or Delusions of feeling bugs crawling nether pare (which leads to excessive scratching and open up wounds)
• Delusions of grandeur
• "Meth Mouth" - severe tooth disuse^[10]
  

^[11]

Associated Co-morbidities [edit | edit source]

Crystal meth abusers report feeling:

• Powerful/ confident
• Endless energy
• Increased productivity
• Enhanced sexual performance
• Reduced appetite^[12]

Short Term/Identification/Acute Use Causes:

• Euphoria followed by low
• Dilated pupils
• Nervousness
• Decreased appetite
• Rapid eye movement
• Dilated pupils
• Excessive sweating
• Hallucinations
• Assailment
• Dumb oral communication
• Increased eye rate^[thirteen]
  

Overdose can cause:

• Convulsions
• Eye attack
• Kidney failure
• Stroke (days after OD)^[fourteen]
• Spike in BP
• Abrupt rise in temperature
• Rapid respiration
• Collapse^[13]
  

Chronic methamphetamine use causes:

• Kidney disorders
• Lung disorders
• Encephalon impairment
• Liver damage
• Extreme weight loss
• Olfactory organ bleeds
• Constant scratching/picking of the peel
• Damaged blood vessels
• Insomnia
• Malnutrition/ extreme anorexia^[13]
• Ascension in blood pressure, which in severe cases leads to rupture of the aorta
• Temporary incomprehension
• Severe permanent vision damage (temporary loss of blood flow to optic nervus)
• Ulcers of the cornea
• Temporary emphysema
• Curtained heart damage (repairable upon abeyance of drug use)^[14]
• Dependence^[thirteen]

In smokable format (considered twice equally potent):

• Pulmonary edema
• Peel disease
• Vasoconstriction (leading to increased BP and/or acidosis)
• Ischemic colitis
• Duodenal ulcers
• Malignant behemothic gastric ulcers^[fourteen]

In inhalant format:

• Excessive habiliment on teeth^[14]

With diabetes:

• Affects insulin needs^[fourteen]

IV/ Sexual activity:

• Blood-to-blood transfers/ sharing drug paraphernalia leads to Hepatitis-C and/or HIV.
• 70% of MA- dependent women report histories of physical and sexual corruption.^[15]
  

Children of MA abusing parents:

• Negligence/abuse
• Erratic behavior
• Psychiatric instability
• High risk for exposure to toxic precursors of MA^[15]

Safety Problems for Healthcare Workers [edit | edit source]

Due to the unpredictable behaviors, irritability, and the possibility of psychotic behavior of methamphetamine users especially during the infirmary visit due to the overdose, or complication, the condom of medical and security staff are of import. Hence, it is ever advised to use precautions when dealing with these patients. Another healthcare worker or security personnel should always back-trail these patients. The triage nurse should be fully enlightened of the adverse effects of amphetamine and ensure that the emergency department is fully aware of the individual admitted.^[16]

Medications [edit | edit source]

There is no i drug that is used to cure methamphetamine addiction but this list offers assist to those individuals who are in the procedure of recovering:

• Bupropion (Wellbutrin) - used to treat low and cravings (also used by patients who have stopped smoking)^[17]
• Topiramate (Topamax) –used to treat cravings and seizures that can occur during withdrawal
• Modafinil – non-amphetamine stimulant shown to better cerebral functioning^[15]

These drugs along with psychological treatment at a drug/rehab facility offer the best hope for the aficionado to have a successful recovery.^[xv]

Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values [edit | edit source]

• Urine, hair, breath, saliva, sweat, and blood, forth with behavioral and psychological cues are used most often in drug testing.
• Due to ease of retrieving a sample, speed of analysis, and low cost, urinalysis is most often utilized. Urinalysis detects the presence of drug metabolites or physical byproducts of the drug's use.
• Most accurate is the apply of blood testing, which measures the bodily presence of the drug or its metabolite in the blood at the time of the testing. Nevertheless, these tests are more invasive, expensive, and more time consuming.
• Pilus testing uses the same engineering as a urinalysis, simply has advantages for detecting use. Using hair testing, drugs can be detected in hair for weeks to months, as opposed to 2-3 days with blood or urine testing.^[18]

Systemic Involvement [edit | edit source]

Central Nervous System

Crystal meth increases dopamine levels in the brain in two means. First, it increases dopamine release, therefore increasing dopamine in the intercellular space. Because dopamine is a neurotransmitter, this increase produces stronger nerve signals. 2nd, methamphetamine prevents reuptake of dopamine into the brain prison cell. Methamphetamine blocks the dopamine transporters, trapping more dopamine within the intercellular space. Because of both of these actions, dopamine accumulates and the prison cell is bombarded, causing increased stimulation and a stronger signal manual. Using methamphetamine tin cause a 1,500 percent increase in dopamine.^[nineteen]

The above paradigm explains. the chemical structure of catecholamine dopamine norepinephrine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. Forth with effects of methamphetamine on catecholamine signaling. Methamphetamine always take detrimental effects on the nervous system, but is not express to only effecting CNS. Meth imposes detrimental effects on human trunk systems like cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, etc.^[19]

^[20]

Dopamine is not just utilized in the brain.  It is used throughout the unabridged body to initiate the flight-or-flying response.

Cardiovascular

Dopamine causes an increased heart rate and vasoconstriction in other areas of the body. Considering of these responses, the centre requires more oxygen delivered to other organs of the body. Notwithstanding, an increment in claret pressure to adapt for this need can sometimes prevent claret from returning to the heart due to a decreased motility of blood through the vessels. In some cases, blood vessels that feed the center constrict, preventing the middle from receiving an adequate claret supply, leading to myocardial infarction. Information technology is possible that instead of experiencing one traumatic event, some methamphetamine abusers suffer multiple small MI'southward over fourth dimension.^[21]Cardiac arrhythmia, atherosclerotic coronary artery affliction, dilated cardiomyopathy, coronary vasospasm and pulmonary hypertension are other mutual conditions commonly seen in meth users. ^[19]

Gastrointestinal

Methamphetamine was formerly used to treat obesity.^[22] It reduces the GI move, which secondarily causes a decreased appetite and less frequent bowel movements. Use of methamphetamine every bit an obesity was discontinued decades ago equally safer options became available and people started using methamphetamine for recreation due to its addictive nature. ^[22] In extreme cases, patients tin can endure from bowel ischemia due to insufficient blood menstruation leading to intestinal infarction.^[23]After meth use, person can also endure from severe abdominal pains causing paralytic ileus. ^[24]

Renal

Basically kidneys filter our blood and create urine which is primarily composed of backlog fluids, waste and toxins. The filtered waste matter is than transferred to the float. Bladder holds this waste material until execrated. Most of the drugs that enter human body are execrated via this procedure. Part of the kidneys go affected if the urine is more acidic or accept higher amount of toxins and the kidneys take to work harder to consummate the filtration process. Individuals who have developed tolerance to meth, gradually take higher quantities of the drug to cruel the same loftier. This in turn increment the corporeality of toxins the kidney have to filter and this contributes to kidney function over fourth dimension. ^[25]

Also, When methamphetamine abusers binge, they typically do not drink enough fluids, causing dehydration. Due to dehydration, blood pressure dramatically decreases, causing decreased blood flow to the kidneys. Because of this decrease, binging methamphetamine users are susceptible to kidney failure.

Methamphetamine is known to cause hepatotoxicity, rhabdomyolysis, astute kidney injury, forth with neurotoxicity; separately or together. Basically multi system toxicity can develop due to the use of meth. ^[26]

In Asia a study was carried out to know the cause of urinary tract dysfunction in meth users and ketamine users, where they studied the symptomatology and voiding function in patients with meth and ketamine habit. The study showed that; urinary tract dysfunction was common in meth users with predominantly storage symptoms where as ketamine users as well suffered with pelvic hurting and dysuria. ^[27]

Musculoskeletal

No organ arrangement in our body operates independently. Our musculoskeletal organization is for well-nigh function controlled past our cardinal nervous system, exception being a few reflexive actions. A damaged central nervous organisation can pb to a damaged musculoskeletal organization. Methamphetamine is a powerful stimulant drug that tin can damage certain important areas of the brain which leads to movement issues, muscle atrophy and ultimately a damaged musculoskeletal system. Prolonged employ of meth as well leads to bone infections similar osteomyelitis, it can besides cause osteoporosis and arthritis. There may be severe weakening of bones due to loss of calcium and decreased bone density. ^[28]

Methamphetamine use can atomic number 82 to musculus breakup, increasing the level of breakdown products such as creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), which is toxic to the kidneys in high concentrations. Continued and increased muscular breakdown can atomic number 82 to rhabdomyolysis, a condition involving extreme musculus breakdown and possible kidney failure. These comorbidities tin be prevented by staying hydrated.^[20]

Differential Diagnosis [edit | edit source]

• Seizure Disorders
• Parkinson-Plus Syndrome
• Astute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Cardiomyopathy
• Hypertensive Heart Disease
• Myocardial Ischemia
• Myocarditis
• Cocaine abuse
• Mushroom abuse
• PCP abuse
• Ketamine abuse
• LSD abuse
• Mescaline abuse^[29]

Medical Management [edit | edit source]

The most effective treatments beingness used today to treat methamphetamine abuse or habit involves, cognitive and behavioral interventions. Trained psychotherapists who specialize in the surface area of drug habit are the preferred medical professionals to carry out these interventions.^{[thirty] [31]}

Initially, the meth abuser needs to attend a detox center with trained medical staff to be assessed and treated for physical and psychological complications that can occur as the person'south body is going through withdrawal from the drug.^[30]

Cerebral and Behavioral Interventions Used to Care for Meth Abuse [edit | edit source]

• Cerebral Behavioral Therapy (CBT): is based on the thought that thoughts and feelings cause our behaviors, not external factors such as people, situations, and events. This blazon of therapy aims to help the addict change the way they think and behave to increase coping skills with the stresses of life.^[32]
• The Matrix Model: includes intensive individual and group therapy to promote behavioral changes needed to prevent relapse, be abstemious, and establish a lifestyle unrelated to drugs. This tin include changing their where they live, the people they associate with, and fifty-fifty their profession.^[32]
• Motivational Incentives for Enhancing Drug Abuse Recovery (MIEDAR): an incentive based handling promoting meth abstinence is another treatment that has shown efficacy in meth abusers through the National Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network.^[thirty]

^[33]

Medications such equally Wellbutrin are used in conjunction with psychological therapy to care for depression which many recovering addicts endure from along with the willingness to change can lead to a successful recovery.

Physical Therapy Management [edit | edit source]

Physical exercise is known to benefit a wide range of medical and behavioral issues. Methamphetamine dependent patients in residential care have shown substantial improvement in their health with an 8- week aerobic practice training. Individuals under treatment for meth corruption have shown positive physiological response to exercise that might in long term enhance the patients recovery from meth addiction.^[34] Physical Therapy is also useful in treating the many comorbidities that occur from meth habit.

Example Reports/ Case Studies [edit | edit source]

• Crystal methamphetamine-induced acute pulmonary edema: a instance study
• The unique histology of methamphetamine cardiomyopathy: A case written report
• Intracerebral hemorrhage and characteristic angiographic changes associated with methamphetamine--a case written report
• Toxicological and histopathological analysis of a patient who died nine days after a single intravenous dose of methamphetamine: A case report

Resources [edit | edit source]

• Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention (CDC): Methamphetamine
• Click here to observe publicly funded treatment facilities in the United states of america by state
• Methamphetamine Treatment
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
  

References [edit | edit source]

1. ↑ ^{i.0 1.one 1.two ane.three} National Institute on Drug Abuse. http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/infofacts/methamphetamine. (accessed 25 March 2022)
2. ↑ Yasaei R, Saadabadi A. Methamphetamine.available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535356/ (final accessed 12.i.2020)
3. ↑ Habit Handling Centers. Methamphetamine. http://world wide web.addictiontreatmentcenters.net/about-the-drugs/methamphetamine (accessed i April 2022)
4. ↑ Meth Project. What's in Meth. http://www.methproject.org/answers/whats-meth-made-of.html?gclid=CI3C--m7j68CFYMKKgodIkCUyQ#Whats-in-Meth (accessed 25 March 2022)
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1 5.2} Help Guide. http://www.helpguide.org/mental/drug_substance_abuse_addiction_signs_effects_treatment.htm (accessed 2 April 2022)
6. ↑ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Assistants. Results from the 2022 NSDUH: Mental Health Findings and Detailed Tables. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/nsduh/2k10MH_Findings/2k10MHResults.htm#4.one (accessed 2 April 2022)
7. ↑ Kortea JE, Hiotta FB, Bradyb KT, Malcolmb RJ, Seec RE. Distinctive characteristics of methamphetamine users presenting at public clinics: Steep ascension in South Carolina, United States, 2000–2005. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2022, May 1; 112(one-2): ix-15.
8. ↑ Gruenwald PJ, Johnson FW, Ponicki WR, Remer LG, Lascala EA. Assessing Correlates of the Growth and Extent of Methamphetamine Abuse and Dependence in California. Substance Use & Misuse. 2022 Oct one;45:1948–1970.
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.1} Maxwella JC, Brechtb ML. Methamphetamine: Here we go again? Addictive Behaviors. 2022 Dec 1;36(12):1168-1173.
10. ↑ ^{x.0 10.i} Mayo Clinic. Drug Addiction. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/drug-addiction/DS00183/DSECTION=symptoms (accessed 26 March 2022)
11. ↑ ii Stop Meth. http://www.2stopmeth.org/_global/?q=node/52 (accessed i Apr 2022)
12. ↑ Buxton J, Dove N. The brunt and management of crystal meth use. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal [serial on the Internet]. (2008, June 3), [cited April 17, 2022]; 178(12): 1537-1539. Available from: Academic Search Premier.
13. ↑ ^{thirteen.0 13.1 13.2 13.3} Fisher G, Roget N. Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, & Recovery. California: SAGE, 2009.
14. ↑ ^{fourteen.0 14.1 14.two xiv.3 14.4} Miller R. The Encyclopedia of Addictive Drugs. Connecticut: Greenwood Printing, 2002.
15. ↑ ^{xv.0 15.ane 15.2 15.3} Galanter Thou, Kleber H. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment. Quaternary edition. Virginia: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2008. p169-176.
16. ↑ Yasaei R, Saadabadi A. Methamphetamine.available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535356/ (final accessed 12.1.2020)
17. ↑ Drugs.com. Wellbutrin. http://www.drugs.com/wellbutrin.html. Accessed 4 April 2022.
18. ↑ Potter B, Orfali S. Drug Testing at Piece of work: A Guide for Employers. California: Ronin Publishing, Inc., 1998.
19. ↑ ^{19.0 19.ane 19.two} Kevil CG, Goeders NE, Woolard MD, Bhuiyan MS, Dominic P, Kolluru GK, Arnold CL, Traylor JG, Orr AW. Methamphetamine employ and cardiovascular affliction: in search of answers. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2022 Sep;39(9):1739-46.
20. ↑ ^{20.0 20.i} Lee South. Overcoming Crystal Meth Habit. New York: Marlowe & Company, 2006.
21. ↑ Winslow BT, Voorhees KI, Pehl KA. Methamphetamine abuse. American family medico. 2007 Oct fifteen;76(8):1169-74.
22. ↑ ^{22.0 22.ane} Prakash MD, Tangalakis K, Antonipillai J, Stojanovska 50, Nurgali K, Apostolopoulos 5. Methamphetamine: effects on the brain, gut and immune organisation. Pharmacological research. 2022 Jun 1;120:60-7.
23. ↑ Brannan TA, Soundararajan S, Houghton BL. Methamphetamine-associated stupor with intestinal infarction. Medscape Full general Medicine. 2004;6(4).
24. ↑ Carlson TL, Plackett TP, Gagliano Jr RA, Smith RR. Methamphetamine-induced paralytic ileus. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine & Public Wellness. 2022 Feb;71(2):44.
25. ↑ Authored by Editorial Staff, American Addiction Centers. Effects of substance abuse on the Renal System (kidneys). Last Updated: November 30 2022. Bachelor from: https://americanaddictioncenters.org/health-complications-habit/renal-system
26. ↑ Gurel A. Multisystem toxicity afterwards methamphetamine use. Clinical case reports. 2022 Mar;4(3):226.
27. ↑ Yee CH, Ng CF, Hong YL, Lai PT, Tam YH. Substance corruption effects on urinary tract: methamphetamine and ketamine. Hong Kong Med J. 2022 Dec 1;25(half dozen):438-.
28. ↑ Stein S, Kelley R, Ackermann K. Furnishings & dangers of substance abuse on the muscular organisation. American Addiction Centers. 2022 Dec16. Available from: https://americanaddictioncenters.org/health-complications-addiction/muscular-organisation
29. ↑ Medscape. Methamphetamine Toxicity Differential Diagnoses. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/820918-differential (accessed 2 April 2022)
30. ↑ ^{30.0 30.1 30.2} National Institute on Drug Abuse. Topics in Brief: Methamphetamine Addiction: Progress, but Need to Remain Vigilant. http://world wide web.drugabuse.gov/publications/topics-in-brief/methamphetamine-habit-progress-demand-to-remain-vigilant (accessed i Apr 2022)
31. ↑ Drillinger 1000. Methamphetamine addiction treatment: Know your options. WebMD 2022. Dec16. Available from: https://world wide web.webmd.com/connect-to-care/habit-treatment-recovery/treatments-for-meth-addiction
32. ↑ ^{32.0 32.ane} Rawson R, Casey P, Dickow A, Frazier Y, Gallagher C, Galloway G, et al. A multi-site comparison of psychosocial approaches for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Addiction 2004; 99: half dozen. p708-717.
33. ↑ National Institute on Drug Abuse. What are the long-term effects of methamphetamine misuse? 2022. April 13. Bachelor from: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/what-are-long-term-effects-methamphetamine-misuse
34. ↑ Dolezal BA, Chudzynski J, Storer TW, Abrazado M, Penate J, Mooney Fifty, Dickerson D, Rawson RA, Cooper CB. Viii weeks of exercise training improves fitness measures in methamphetamine-dependent individuals in residential treatment. Periodical of habit medicine. 2022 Mar;7(two):122.

Source: https://www.physio-pedia.com/Methamphetamine_Abuse

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